Magazine References

Mar – Apr 2026

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Pg 6-7 An introduction to youth athletic development

References
  1. Long, C., Ranellone, S. and Welch, M., 2024. Strength and Conditioning in the Young Athlete for Long-Term Athletic Development. HSS Journal®, 20(3), pp.444-449.
  2. England, S., 2020. Active Lives data tables. London: Sport England. Available at: https://www.sportengland.org/know-your-audience/data/active-lives/active-lives-data-tables [Accessed 8 Nov. 2020].
  3. Duncan, M.J., Martins, R.M. and Eyre, E.L., 2022. “Sharpening your mind, strengthening your body” parental perceptions on the use of strength and conditioning in children and youth. Children, 9(10), p.1557.
  4. Pike Lacy, A.M., Eason, C.M., Chu, E.L., Stearns, R.L. and Casa, D.J., 2023. Youth athletes’ parents’ perceptions and knowledge of the athletic training profession. Journal of Athletic Training, 58(1), pp.9-17.
  5. Till, K., Bruce, A., Green, T., Morris, S.J., Boret, S. and Bishop, C.J., 2022. Strength and conditioning in schools: a strategy to optimise health, fitness and physical activity in youths. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 56(9), pp.479-480.
  6. Garst, B.A., Bowers, E.P. and Stephens, L.E., 2020. A randomized study of CrossFit Kids for fostering fitness and academic outcomes in middle school students. Evaluation and Program Planning, 83, p.101856.
  7. Hyrox, 2026. Hyrox Youngstars. Available at: https://hyrox.com/hyrox-youngstars/
  8. Stricker, P.R., Faigenbaum, A.D., McCambridge, T.M., Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, LaBella, C.R., Brooks, M.A., Canty, G., Diamond, A.B., Hennrikus, W., Logan, K., Moffatt, K., 2020. Resistance training for children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 145(6), p.e20201011.
  9. Smith, J.J., Eather, N., Morgan, P.J., Plotnikoff, R.C., Faigenbaum, A.D. and Lubans, D.R., 2014. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(9), pp.1209-1223.
  10. Duncan, M.J., Eyre, E.L. and Oxford, S.W., 2018. The effects of 10-week integrated neuromuscular training on fundamental movement skills and physical self-efficacy in 6–7-year-old children. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(12), pp.3348-3356.
  11. Stodden, D., Langendorfer, S. and Roberton, M.A., 2009. The association between motor skill competence and physical fitness in young adults. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), pp.223-229.
  12. Moliner-Urdiales, D., Ruiz, J.R., Vicente-Rodriguez, G., Ortega, F.B., Rey-Lopez, J.P., España-Romero, V., Casajús, J.A., Molnar, D., Widhalm, K., Dallongeville, J. and González-Gross, M., 2011. Associations of muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness with total and central body fat in adolescents: the HELENA study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(2), pp.101-108.
  13. Torres-Costoso, A., Lopez-Munoz, P., Martinez-Vizcaino, V., Alvarez-Bueno, C. and Cavero-Redondo, I., 2020. Association between muscular strength and bone health from children to young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50(6), pp.1163-1190.
  14. Collins, H., Booth, J.N., Duncan, A., Fawkner, S. and Niven, A., 2019. The effect of resistance training interventions on ‘the self’in youth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine-Open, 5(1), p.29.
  15. Physical Activity Guidelines: UK Chief Medical Officers’ Report—GOV.UK, 2019. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-guidelines-uk-chief-medical-officers-report [Accessed 28 Sept. 2022].
  16. Bennie, J.A., Faulkner, G. and Smith, J.J., 2022. The epidemiology of muscle-strengthening activity among adolescents from 28 European countries. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 50(2), pp.295-302.
  17. Dooley, F.L., Kaster, T., Fitzgerald, J.S., Walch, T.J., Annandale, M., Ferrar, K., Lang, J.J., Smith, J.J., Tomkinson, G.R., 2020. A systematic analysis of temporal trends in the handgrip strength of 2,216,320 children and adolescents between 1967 and 2017. Sports Medicine, 50(6), pp.1129-1144.
  18. Faigenbaum, A.D., Stracciolini, A., MacDonald, J.P. and Rebullido, T.R., 2022. Mythology of youth resistance training. British Journal of Sports Medicine, [Online] 8 Jun. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2022-105656 [Accessed 24 Feb. 2026].
  19. Cox, A., Fairclough, S.J. and Noonan, R.J., 2021. “It’s Just Not Something We Do at School”. Adolescent Boys’ Understanding, Perceptions, and Experiences of Muscular Fitness Activity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), p.4923.
  20. Mossman, G.J. and Cronin, L.D., 2019. Life skills development and enjoyment in youth soccer: The importance of parental behaviours. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37(8), pp.850-856.
  21. Normand, J.M., Wolfe, A. and Peak, K., 2017. A review of early sport specialization in relation to the development of a young athlete. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, 5(2).
  22. Myer, G.D., Jayanthi, N., DiFiori, J.P., Faigenbaum, A.D., Kiefer, A.W., Logerstedt, D., Micheli, L.J., 2016. Sports specialization, part II: alternative solutions to early sport specialization in youth athletes. Sports Health, 8(1), pp.65-73.
  23. Güllich, A., Macnamara, B.N. and Hambrick, D.Z., 2022. What makes a champion? Early multidisciplinary practice, not early specialization, predicts world-class performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(1), pp.6-29.
  24. Smith, A.D., Alleyne, J.M., Pitsiladis, Y., Schneider, C., Kenihan, M., Constantinou, D., Webborn, N., 2017. Early sports specialization: an international perspective. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(6), pp.439-442.
  25. Balyi, I. and Way, R., 2005. The role of monitoring growth in long-term athlete development. Canadian Sport for Life, 2(1), pp.47-64.
  26. Iuliano-Burns, S., Mirwald, R.L. and Bailey, D.A., 2001. Timing and magnitude of peak height velocity and peak tissue velocities for early, average, and late maturing boys and girls. American Journal of Human Biology, 13(1), pp.1-8.
  27. Lloyd, R.S., Oliver, J.L., Faigenbaum, A.D., Howard, R., Croix, M.B., Williams, C.A., Best, T.M., Alvar, B.A., Micheli, L.J., Thomas, D.P., Hatfield, D.L., 2015. Long-term athletic development-part 1: a pathway for all youth. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(5), pp.1439-1450.
  28. Côté, J. and Fraser-Thomas, J., 2007. Play, practice, and athlete development. In Developing Sport Expertise (pp. 39-50). Routledge.
  29. Balyi, I. and Hamilton, A., 2004. Long-term athlete development: Trainability in childhood and adolescence. Olympic Coach, 16(1), pp.4-9.
  30. Lloyd, R.S. and Oliver, J.L., 2012. The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic development. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(3), pp.61-72.

    Pg 8-11 Sustainable diets: Finding your balance

    References
    1. British Dietetic Association, Sustainable diets. Available at: https://www.bda.uk.com/food-health/your-health/sustainable-diets.html [Accessed 24 Feb. 2026].
    2. FAO and WHO, 2019. Sustainable healthy diets – Guiding principles. Rome. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/ca6640en/ca6640en.pdf
    3. Eat Lancet Commission, EAT-Lancet Summary Report. Available at: https://eatforum.org/eat-lancet/summary-report/
    4. National Food Strategy, The Report. Available at: https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/the-report/
    5. The Waste and Resource Action Programme, UK food waste and food surplus: key facts. Available at: https://www.wrap.ngo/resources/report/uk-food-waste-food-surplus-key-facts
    6. Springmann, M. et al., 2018. ‘Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits.’ Nature, 562, pp. 519–525.
    7. McNeill, J.R., 2000. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. New York: W.W. Norton.
    8. British Nutrition Foundation, Sustainable diets. Available at: https://www.nutrition.org.uk/creating-a-healthy-diet/eating-sustainably/ [Accessed 24 Feb. 2026].
    9. Van Dooren, C. et al., 2024. ‘The planet on our plates: approaches to incorporate environmental sustainability within food-based dietary guidelines.’ Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, p.1223814.
    10. Willett, W. et al., 2019. ‘Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems.’ The Lancet, 393(10170), pp.447–492.
    11. Nicklaus, J. et al., 2023. ‘Aligning UK diets with the Eatwell Guide reduces environmental impact and improves health outcomes.’ The Lancet Planetary Health, 7(2), pp.e123–e132.
    12. Clune, S., Crossin, E. & Verghese, K., 2017. ‘Systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions for different fresh food categories.’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, pp.766–783.
    13. DEFRA, 2005. The Validity of Food Miles as an Indicator of Sustainable Development.

    Pg 12-13 Using tai chi and qigong in rehabilitation

    References
    1. Sherrington, C., Fairhall, N.J., Wallbank, G.K., Tiedemann, A., Michaleff, Z.A., Howard, K. et al., 2019. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1, p.CD012424.
    2. Chen, W., Chen, Q., Lin, Y. and Lin, J., 2023. Tai Chi for fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults: a systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, p.1223315.
    3. Chen, X., Zheng, Y., Liu, J. et al., 2020. Tai Chi and Qigong practices for chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 19(1), pp.3-13.
    4. Wang, F., Lee, E., Wu, T., Benson, H., Fricchione, G., Wang, W. et al., 2014. The effects of Tai Chi on depression, anxiety and psychological well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4), pp.605-617.
    5. Markwart, M., Simpson, B. and Zhu, M., 2024. Qigong and Tai Chi for ME/CFS: a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 175, p.111036.
    6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2025. Falls: assessment and prevention in older people. NICE guideline NG249. London: NICE.

    Pg 14-17 Physical mirror

    References
    1. Nummenmaa, L., Glerean, E., Hari, R. and Hietanen, J.K., 2014. Bodily maps of emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(2), pp.646–651. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321664111
    Further reading
    1. Barrett, L.F., 2018. How Emotions Are Made: The Secret Life of the Brain. Pan Books.
    2. Borman, P., 2018. Lymphedema diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up from the viewpoint of physical medicine and rehabilitation specialists. Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 64(3), pp.179–197. https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2018.3535
    3. Hodges, P.W. and Tucker, K., 2011. Moving differently in pain: A new theory to explain the adaptation to pain. Pain, 152(3), pp.S90–S98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.020
    4. Johansson, K., Hayes, S., Speck, R.M. and Schmitz, K.H., 2014. Water-based exercise for patients with chronic arm lymphedema: A randomized controlled pilot trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 93(4), pp.311–319. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000023
    5. Keeley, V., Crooks, S., Locke, J., Veigas, D., Riches, K. and Hilliam, R., 2017. A quality-of-life measure for limb lymphoedema (LYMQOL). Journal of Lymphoedema, 12(1), pp.20–27.
    6. Lipton, B.H., 2015. The Biology of Belief: Unleashing the Power of Consciousness, Matter & Miracles (10th anniversary ed.). Hay House, Incorporated.
    7. Lethem, J., Slade, P.D., Troup, J.D.G. and Bentley, G., 1983. Outline of a fear-avoidance model of exaggerated pain perception—I. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(4), pp.401–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90009-8
    8. Markwart, M., Simpson, B. and Zhu, M., 2024. Qigong and Tai Chi for ME/CFS: a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 175, p.111036.
    9. Meulders, A., Vansteenwegen, D. and Vlaeyen, J.W.S., 2017. Fear of pain changes movement: Motor behaviour following the acquisition of pain-related fear. European Journal of Pain, 21(8), pp.1432–1442. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1045
    10. Morrison, I., Perini, I. and Dunham, J., 2013. Facets and mechanisms of adaptive pain behavior: Predictive regulation and action. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, p.755. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00755
    11. Nishi, Y., Osumi, M., Nobusako, S., Takeda, K. and Morioka, S., 2019. Avoidance behavioral difference in acquisition and extinction of pain-related fear. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, p.236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00236
    12. Rankin, L., 2013. Mind over Medicine: Scientific Proof That You Can Heal Yourself. Hay House, Inc.
    13. Rockson, S.G., 2018. Lymphedema. American Journal of Medicine, 131(3), pp.276–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.10.046
    14. Schmitz, K.H., Courneya, K.S., Matthews, C., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Galvão, D.A., Pinto, B.M., Schwartz, A.L., 2010. American College of Sports Medicine roundtable on exercise guidelines for cancer survivors. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 42(7), pp.1409–1426. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e0c112
    15. Willett, W. et al., 2019. ‘Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems.’ The Lancet, 393(10170), pp.447–492.

    Pg 24-25 Women’s sleep

    References

    1. The 2024 UK Sleep Survey | Sleep Matters Club.
    2. Sleep in Numbers: 10 Statistics That Reveal the UK’s Sleep Crisis.
    3. Tandon, V.R., Sharma, S., Mahajan, A., Mahajan, A. and Tandon, A., 2022. Menopause and Sleep Disorders. Journal of Mid-life Health, 13(1), pp.26-33.
    4. Pacheco, D. and Callender, E., 2024. Woman & Sleep: Needs, Disorders & Recommendations. Available at: Women & Sleep: Needs, Disorders, & Recommendations [Accessed March 2024].
    5. Mitchell, L.J., Bisdounis, L., Ballesio, A., Omlin, X. and Kyle, S.D., 2019. The impact of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on objective sleep parameters: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 47, pp.90-102.
    6. Houses of Parliament, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2018. Shift Work, Sleep and Health. Available at: POST-PN-0586.pdf [Accessed June 2024].
    7. Wickwire, E.M., Geiger-Brown, J., Scharf, S.M. and Drake, C.L., 2017. Shift Work and Shift Work Sleep Disorder: Clinical and Organizational Perspectives. Chest, 151(5), pp.1156-1172.
    8. Trade Union Congress, 2018. Number of people working night shifts up by more than 150,000 in 5 years. Available at: Number of people working night shifts up by more than 150,000 in 5 years [Accessed March 2024].
    9. Finan, P.H., Goodin, B.R. and Smith, M.T., 2013. The association of sleep and pain: an update and a path forward. The Journal of Pain, 14(12), pp.1539-1552.
    10. Pacheco, D. and Rehman, A., 2023. Pain and Sleep: Common Sleep Disturbances & Tips. Available at: Pain and Sleep: Common Sleep Disturbances & Tips [Accessed March 2024].
    11. Rouhi, S., Topcu, J., Egorova-Brumley, N. and Jordan, A.S., 2023. The impact of sleep disturbance on pain perception: A systematic review examining the moderating effect of sex and age. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 101835.
    12. Haack, M., Simpson, N., Sethna, N., Kaur, S. and Mullington, J., 2020. Sleep deficiency and chronic pain: potential underlying mechanisms and clinical implications. Neuropsychopharmacology, 45, pp.205–216.
    13. Francis-Devine, B. and Hutton, G., 2024. Women and the UK economy. Available at: Women and the UK economy [Accessed March 2024].

    Pg 26-28 The science of squatting, part one: Why getting it right matters

    References
    1. Colado, J.C. et al., 2009. Technique and safety aspects of resistance exercises: A systematic review of the literature. Physician and Sportsmedicine, 37(2), pp.104-111.
    2. Escamilla, R.F., 2001. Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(1), pp.127-141.
    3. Wretenburg, P. et al., 1996. High and low bar squatting techniques during weight training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28(2), pp.218-224.
    4. Gullett, J.C. et al., 2009. A biomechanical comparison of back and front squats in healthy trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), pp.284-292.
    5. McGill, S.M. et al., 2000. Changes in lumbar lordosis modify the role of extensor muscles. Clinical Biomechanics, 15(10), pp.777-780.
    6. Williams, M., 1980. Biomechanical factors in spinal injuries. Journal of Biomechanics, 13(3), pp.277-288.
    7. Nelson, J.M. et al., 1995. Relative lumbar and pelvic motion during loaded spinal flexion/extension. Spine, 20(2), pp.199-204.
    8. Esola, M.A. et al., 1996. Analysis of lumbar spine and hip motion during forward bending in subjects with and without a history of low back pain. Spine, 21(1), pp.71-78.
    9. McGill, S.M. et al., 2000. Changes in lumbar lordosis modify the role of extensor muscles. Clinical Biomechanics, 15(10), pp.777-780.
    10. Fry, A.C. et al., 2003. Effects of knee position on hip and knee torques during the barbell squat. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), pp.629-633.
    11. Escamilla, R.F. et al., 1998. Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(4), pp.556-569.
    12. Caterisano, A. et al., 2002. The effects of back squat depth on EMG activity of 4 superficial hip and thigh muscles. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 16(3), pp.428-432.
    13. Isear, J.A. et al., 1997. EMG analysis of lower extremity muscle recruitment patterns during an unloaded squat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 29(4), pp.532-539.
    14. Signorile, J.F. et al., 1995. The effect of knee and foot position on the electromyographical activity of the superficial quadriceps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 9(3), pp.182-187.
    15. McCaw, S.T. and Melrose, D.R., 1999. Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel squat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31(3), pp.428-436.
    16. Yu, B. et al., 2007. Mechanisms of non-contact ACL injuries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(Suppl 1), pp.i47-i51.
    17. Escamilla, R.F. et al., 2001. Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(9), pp.1552-1566.
    18. Hewett, T.E. et al., 2001. Rationale and clinical techniques for ACL injury prevention among female athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 36(3), pp.293-301.
    19. Croisier, J.L. et al., 2008. Strength imbalances and prevention of hamstring injury in professional football players. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(8), pp.1469-1475.

    Pg 30-31 Beyond the bulk: Redefining strength training for women

    References
    1. British Weight Lifting, 2023. Strength in Numbers: Women’s Participation in Strength Training. Available at: https://britishweightlifting.org/article/british-weight-lifting-launch-strength-in-numbers [Accessed 30 January 2026].
    2. Health Survey for England, 2021. Physical Activity, Part 2: Adult Physical Activity. NHS Digital. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/health-survey-for-england/2021-part-2/physical-activity [Accessed 30 January 2026].
    3. Moran, J., Sandercock, G., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Meylan, C. and Collison, J., 2023. Resistance training in females across the lifespan: health, performance and participation considerations. Sports Medicine, 53(5), pp.1021–1037. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01772-3
    4. Patterson, S.D., Steele, J. and McMahon, J., 2022. Resistance training adaptations in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Sport Science, 22(4), pp.547–559. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2021.1903313
    5. Sims, S.T., Kubo, J., Desai, M. and Norton, K., 2024. Effects of resistance training on strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 32(1), pp.1–14. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2023-0125
    6. Sutherland, R., McPherson, K.E. and Tremblay, M.S., 2022. Barriers and facilitators to women’s participation in strength training: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), pp.1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01271-4